Linking Words (Connecteurs logiques): Expressing Cause, Result, Purpose and Contrast with BAC Exercises – English – Second Year Secondary – Algerian Curriculum

الدرس 6: Linking Words (Connecteurs logiques) – Expressing Cause, Result, Purpose and Contrast

Learning Objectives:

• Learn the main linking words for cause, result, purpose and contrast
• Be able to use them correctly in sentences
• Prepare for BAC exam exercises on connectors

Lesson:

1. Expressing Cause (التعبير عن السبب):

• Because + clause: He was late because the bus broke down.
• Because of + noun/gerund: The match was cancelled because of the rain.
• Since / As + clause (often at the beginning): Since it was raining, we stayed home.
• Due to / Owing to + noun: The delay was due to technical problems.

2. Expressing Result (التعبير عن النتيجة):

• So + clause: He was tired, so he went to bed early.
• Therefore / Consequently / Thus (formal): He didn’t study; therefore, he failed.
• As a result: There was a storm. As a result, flights were cancelled.
• Such…that / So…that: It was such a difficult exam that many students failed. / The exam was so difficult that many students failed.

3. Expressing Purpose (التعبير عن الهدف):

• To / In order to / So as to + infinitive: She studies hard to pass the exam. / He left early in order to catch the train.
• So that + clause: She speaks slowly so that everyone can understand.
• For + noun/gerund: This tool is used for cutting wood.

4. Expressing Contrast (التعبير عن التضاد):

• But: He is rich but unhappy.
• However / Nevertheless / Nonetheless: It was raining. However, we went out.
• Although / Even though / Though + clause: Although she was tired, she finished her work.
• Despite / In spite of + noun/gerund: Despite the rain, the children played outside.
• Whereas / While (to compare): He likes football, whereas his brother prefers basketball.
• On the one hand… On the other hand: On the one hand, technology makes life easier. On the other hand, it has some disadvantages.

BAC-Style Exercises:

Exercise 1: Complete with the appropriate linking word:

1. He was tired, ___ he continued working. -> but / however
2. ___ it was cold, she didn’t wear a jacket. -> Although / Even though
3. She studied hard ___ pass the BAC exam. -> to / in order to
4. The flight was delayed ___ the fog. -> because of / due to
5. He worked hard; ___, he got promoted. -> therefore / consequently

Exercise 2: Rewrite the sentences using the word in brackets:

1. She didn’t go to school because she was ill. (because of) -> She didn’t go to school because of her illness.
2. He is young, but he is very responsible. (although) -> Although he is young, he is very responsible.
3. She wants to improve her English. She listens to podcasts. (in order to) -> She listens to podcasts in order to improve her English.
4. The weather was bad. We enjoyed the trip. (despite) -> Despite the bad weather, we enjoyed the trip.

Exercise 3 (BAC style): Join the sentences using the connectors given:

1. Many students use the internet. They want to research their projects. (in order to) -> Many students use the internet in order to research their projects.
2. The government built new schools. The number of students increased. (consequently) -> The government built new schools; consequently, the number of students increased.
3. Some people prefer city life. Others prefer country life. (whereas) -> Some people prefer city life, whereas others prefer country life.

Similar Lessons:

• Conditional Sentences Types 1 2 3
• Reported Speech