مدونة التربية و التعليم في الجزائر – دروس، فروض، نتائج امتحانات مدونة التربية والتعليم في الجزائر | تحضير الدروس، فروض واختبارات، نتائج البكالوريا وBEM، مسابقات التوظيف، والتوجيه المدرسي للطلاب وأولياء الأمور.
📘 Introduction
In both writing and speaking, we often need to explain why something happens (cause), what happens as a result (effect), and why an action is done (purpose). Mastering these expressions will help you write more coherent paragraphs and essays in English exams.
🎯 Learning Objectives
- Use linking words for cause (because, since, as, because of, due to)
- Express effect and result (so, therefore, consequently, as a result)
- Express purpose (to, in order to, so that, for)
- Write complex sentences using cause-effect-purpose structures
📚 Expressing Cause (السبب)
| Linking Word | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Because | Because + clause | I stayed home because it was raining. |
| Since / As | Since/As + clause (formal) | Since you are tired, you can rest. |
| Because of | Because of + noun/gerund | The flight was cancelled because of the storm. |
| Due to / Owing to | Due to + noun (formal) | The delay was due to technical problems. |
📈 Expressing Effect/Result (النتيجة)
| Linking Word | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
| So | So + clause | It was raining, so I stayed home. |
| Therefore | Therefore + clause (formal) | He studied hard; therefore, he passed. |
| Consequently | Consequently + clause | The company lost money. Consequently, it closed. |
| As a result | As a result + of + noun | As a result of the rain, the match was cancelled. |
🎯 Expressing Purpose (الهدف/الغرض)
| Linking Word | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
| To + infinitive | To + verb | I went to the library to study. |
| In order to | In order to + verb | She exercises daily in order to stay healthy. |
| So as to | So as to + verb | He left early so as to avoid traffic. |
| So that | So that + clause (can/will/would) | I saved money so that I could buy a car. |
| For + noun/gerund | For + noun/V-ing | This knife is for cutting bread. |
✏️ Practice Exercises
Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks
1. ______ the heavy rain, the football match was postponed.
2. She studied hard ______ she could get a scholarship.
3. The road was closed; ______, we had to take another route.
4. He went to the supermarket ______ buy some food.
5. I was very tired, ______ I went to bed early.
Answers: 1. Because of/Due to 2. so that 3. therefore/consequently 4. to/in order to 5. so
Exercise 2: Rewrite the sentences using the word in brackets
1. He didn’t study. He failed the exam. (because)
2. She wants to improve her English. She reads every day. (in order to)
3. The weather was bad. We stayed home. (so)
Answers:
1. He failed the exam because he didn’t study.
2. She reads every day in order to improve her English.
3. The weather was bad, so we stayed home.
📋 Summary
- Cause: because, since, as, because of, due to
- Effect: so, therefore, consequently, as a result
- Purpose: to, in order to, so that, for
- Use a comma after a cause clause at the beginning (Because it rained, …)
- Use a comma before ‘so’ in a compound sentence